{"id":2459,"date":"2020-03-27T08:51:37","date_gmt":"2020-03-27T08:51:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/uncategorized-ro\/countering-the-infodemic-zero-tolerance-against-fake-news\/"},"modified":"2022-06-27T15:02:37","modified_gmt":"2022-06-27T15:02:37","slug":"countering-the-infodemic-zero-tolerance-against-fake-news","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/rtpr-emergency-journal\/countering-the-infodemic-zero-tolerance-against-fake-news\/","title":{"rendered":"Combaterea infodemiei. Toleran\u021b\u0103 zero \u00eempotriva \u0219tirilor false"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2459\" class=\"elementor elementor-2459 elementor-1402\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-68bb3420 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"68bb3420\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-49eaf09\" data-id=\"49eaf09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83e42c7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"83e42c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Rom\u00e2n\u0103<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Rom\u00e2n\u0103<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><p><em>Un studiu recent<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> <em>ne arat\u0103 c\u0103 \u0219tirile false se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndesc de zece ori mai repede dec\u00e2t cele adev\u0103rate. \u00cen timp ce informa\u021biile circul\u0103 online la viteze ame\u021bitoare, controlul panicii popula\u021biei \u00een situa\u021bii excep\u021bionale devine o adev\u0103rat\u0103 provocare. \u00cen contextul \u0219tirilor false privind Covid-19 care au agitat apele pe re\u021belele de socializare, Organiza\u021bia Mondial\u0103 a S\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii (<strong>OMS<\/strong>) a creat conceptul de \u201einfodemie\u201d: acesta reune\u0219te abunden\u021ba de \u0219tiri legate de Covid-19 de o discutabil\u0103 veridicitate, valoare informativ\u0103 ori utilitate. <\/em><\/p><p><em>\u00cen acest context, interven\u021bia legislativ\u0103 \u00een lupta \u00eempotriva \u0219tirilor false a devenit o necesitate. <\/em><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #b23400;\"><strong>1. Ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 <em>fake news<\/em><\/strong><strong>? <\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><em>Fake news<\/em> este un concept viu, ce evolueaz\u0103 pe zi ce trece \u0219i se adapteaz\u0103 din mers la progresele din domeniul comunica\u021biilor electronice, fiind astfel dificil de \u00eencadrat \u00eentr-o defini\u021bie rigid\u0103. \u00cen sens larg, desemneaz\u0103 <em>informa\u021bii false cu aparen\u021b\u0103 de \u0219tiri, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite pe internet sau prin alte re\u021bele media, create \u00een general pentru a influen\u021ba opiniile politice sau sub form\u0103 de glum\u0103<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><strong>[2]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>; <em>orice informa\u021bie inexact\u0103 creat\u0103 inten\u021bionat pornind de la un fapt<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>.<em>\u00a0 <\/em><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #b23400;\"><strong>2. Care sunt poten\u021bialele remedii?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Premis\u0103 \u2013 Constitu\u021bia Rom\u00e2niei. <\/strong>Autorit\u0103\u021bile publice, ca \u0219i mijloacele de informare \u00een mas\u0103 \u2013 \u00een egal\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103, publice \u0219i private \u2013 sunt obligate s\u0103 asigure transmiterea corect\u0103 a informa\u021biilor c\u0103tre public.<\/p><p><strong>M\u0103suri de urgen\u021b\u0103 \u2013 Decretul Preziden\u021bial. <\/strong>\u00cen acest context, panica generat\u0103 de Covid-19 a f\u0103cut necesar\u0103 interven\u021bia legislativ\u0103. Ca urmare, Decretul Preziden\u021bial nr. 195\/2020 privind instituirea st\u0103rii de urgen\u021b\u0103 pe teritoriul Rom\u00e2niei (<strong>Decretul Preziden\u021bial<\/strong>) a stabilit, de asemenea, noi reguli menite s\u0103 combat\u0103 fenomenul <em>fake news<\/em>:<\/p><ul><li>Dac\u0103 \u0219tirile false legate de Covid-19 sunt difuzate prin intermediul mijloacelor de informare \u00een mas\u0103 \u0219i \u00een mediul <em>online<\/em>, autorit\u0103\u021bile publice intervin \u0219i iau m\u0103suri pentru a se asigura c\u0103 publicul este informat corect \u0219i obiectiv.<\/li><li>Autoritatea Na\u021bional\u0103 pentru Administrare \u0219i Reglementare \u00een Comunica\u021bii (<strong>ANCOM<\/strong>) poate dispune ca furnizorii de servicii de g\u0103zduire \u0219i furnizorii de con\u021binut s\u0103 \u00eentrerup\u0103 imediat transmiterea \u00eentr-o re\u021bea de comunica\u021bii electronice sau stocarea con\u021binutului (prin eliminare la surs\u0103), dac\u0103 acest con\u021binut promoveaz\u0103 \u0219tiri false cu privire la evolu\u021bia Covid-19 \u0219i la m\u0103surile de protec\u021bie \u0219i prevenire. Furnizorii trebuie s\u0103 informeze utilizatorii cu privire la dispunerea unor astfel de m\u0103suri.<\/li><li>\u00cen cazul \u00een care eliminarea la surs\u0103 nu este fezabil\u0103, furnizorii de re\u021bele de comunica\u021bii electronice sunt obliga\u021bi, la decizia motivat\u0103 a ANCOM, s\u0103 blocheze imediat accesul la respectivul con\u021binut \u0219i s\u0103 informeze utilizatorii. Important de men\u021bionat este c\u0103 obliga\u021bia de a bloca accesul poate fi extins\u0103 \u0219i cu privire la con\u021binutul transmis\/ generat de furnizori de servicii de g\u0103zduire\/ con\u021binut care nu se afl\u0103 sub jurisdic\u021bia legisla\u021biei na\u021bionale, dac\u0103 respectivul con\u021binut este accesibil utilizatorilor rom\u00e2ni.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Analiza asupra <em>fake news<\/em><\/strong><strong> \u2013 care este mecanismul?<\/strong> Conform unui comunicat al Ministerului Afacerilor Interne (<strong>MAI<\/strong>), Grupul de Comunicare Strategic\u0103 (<strong>GCS<\/strong>) este entitatea competent\u0103 s\u0103 depisteze \u0219tirile false. \u00cen baza analizei GCS, Ministerul Afacerilor Interne emite dispozi\u021bia referitoare la dezactivarea publica\u021biilor online. Acest ordin este apoi implementat prin intermediul unei decizii emise de ANCOM. Totodat\u0103, MAI a clarificat c\u0103 o astfel de m\u0103sur\u0103 nu aduc\u0103 atingere institu\u021biilor de pres\u0103 recunoscute la nivelul opiniei publice, a c\u0103ror identitate este cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i cu care autorit\u0103\u021bile se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-un raport de colaborare permanent. Analiza se va efectua de la caz la caz; m\u0103surile vor viza publica\u021biile care se fac vinovate de (i) prezentarea sistematic\u0103 \u0219i deliberat\u0103 a unor informa\u021bii f\u0103r\u0103 suport real, \u00eenc\u0103lc\u00e2nd astfel obliga\u021bia de a informa \u00een mod corect \u0219i obiectiv publicul, sau (ii) ac\u021biunile flagrante de dezinformare care au scopul de a induce panic\u0103. De asemenea, un dialog prealabil deschis cu reprezentan\u021bii publica\u021biei (dac\u0103 ace\u0219tia pot fi identifica\u021bi) este obligatoriu.<\/p><p><strong>Lucrurile se mi\u0219c\u0103 rapid \u2013 primul caz<\/strong>. Exist\u0103 deja un precedent: website-ul <a href=\"http:\/\/www.stiridemoment.ro\"><em>www.stiridemoment.ro<\/em><\/a> a fost deja dezactivat. Analiza GCS a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 (i) website-ul genereaz\u0103 \u0219tiri false prin selec\u021bia \u0219i preluarea trunchiat\u0103 a informa\u021biilor f\u0103r\u0103 suport real din diverse surse ce nu prezint\u0103 \u00eencredere, combinat\u0103 cu titluri alarmiste, f\u0103r\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu con\u021binutul articolului (e.g. <em>Guvernul preg\u0103te\u0219te \u00een secret o mega-opera\u021biune de aducere \u00een \u021bar\u0103 a unor rom\u00e2ni din mai multe \u021b\u0103ri<\/em>, sau <em>Se \u00eenchid de luni Kaufland, Auchan, Metro, Carrefour \u0219i Lid<\/em>); (ii) un astfel de con\u021binut poate genera comportamente sociale neadecvate \u0219i dispropor\u021bionate cu situa\u021bia real\u0103 \u0219i (iii) website-ul nu are identitate concret\u0103 \u0219i nu au putut fi identificate persoane de contact. La momentul la care scriem aceste r\u00e2nduri, blocarea par\u021bial\u0103\/ total\u0103 este de asemenea luat\u0103 \u00een considerare \u0219i \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te alte dou\u0103 website-uri (i.e., <em>breackingnews.xyz<\/em>, respectiv <em>bpnews.ro<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>M\u0103suri pre-existente \u2013 r\u0103spunderea penal\u0103.<\/strong> \u00cen anumite condi\u021bii, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea de \u0219tirile false poate fi considerat\u0103 infrac\u021biune. \u00cen acest sens, Codul penal prevede c\u0103 <em>r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea, prin orice mijloace, de \u0219tiri, date sau informa\u021bii false ori de documente falsificate, cunosc\u00e2nd caracterul fals al acestora, dac\u0103 prin aceasta se pune \u00een pericol securitatea na\u021bional\u0103, se pedepse\u0219te cu \u00eenchisoarea de la unu la cinci ani<\/em>. \u0218i persoana juridic\u0103 poate fi acuzat\u0103 de s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219irea infrac\u021biunii, dac\u0103 este comis\u0103 \u00een realizarea obiectului de activitate, \u00een interesul ori \u00een numele acesteia.<\/p><p>Pedeapsa aplicabil\u0103 persoanei juridice este amenda penal\u0103, cuantumul acesteia fiind stabilit prin \u00eenmul\u021birea (i) num\u0103rului de zile-amend\u0103 stabilit de instan\u021b\u0103 (pe baza gravit\u0103\u021bii \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103rii), ce poate fi cuprins \u00eentre 120 \u0219i 240 de zile, cu (ii) cuantumul corespunz\u0103tor unei zile-amend\u0103, stabilit de instan\u021b\u0103 (pe baza unor criterii economice, precum cifra de afaceri), fiind cuprins \u00eentre 100 \u0219i 5.000 de RON. R\u0103spunderea penal\u0103 poate fi agravat\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd s-a urm\u0103rit ob\u021binerea unui folos patrimonial, prin majorarea num\u0103rului de zile-amend\u0103 cu o treime (cu respectarea num\u0103rului maxim general prev\u0103zut de 600 de zile-amend\u0103). Adi\u021bional, pot fi aplicate \u0219i pedepse complementare, precum suspendarea activit\u0103\u021bii, \u00eenchiderea unor puncte de lucru, sau chiar dizolvarea persoanei juridice.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 infrac\u021biune a f\u0103cut obiectul unei excep\u021bii de neconstitu\u021bionalitate, examin\u00e2ndu-se compatibilitatea sa cu libertatea de exprimare a presei. Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 a stabilit c\u0103<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> (i) infrac\u021biunea nu are \u00een vedere \u00een mod exclusiv presa (de\u0219i presa este unul din principalele mijloace de distribuire a informa\u021biilor) \u0219i (ii) aceast\u0103 reglementare nu constituie o amenin\u021bare la adresa libert\u0103\u021bii presei, e vreme ce scopul s\u0103u nu este acela de a sanc\u021biona publicarea unor informa\u021bii a c\u0103ror autenticitate nu a putut fi cunoscut\u0103, ci informa\u021biile publicate \u0219tiind\/ accept\u00e2nd caracterul fals al acestora.<\/p><p><strong>Recomand\u0103rile CNA \u0219i r\u0103spunderea administrativ\u0103. <\/strong>Prin intermediul instruc\u021biunilor publicate \u00een 16 martie 2020, Consiliul Na\u021bional al Audiovizualului (<strong>CNA<\/strong>) a subliniat obliga\u021bia furnizorilor de servicii media audiovizuale de a furniza informa\u021bii clare \u0219i corecte, f\u0103r\u0103 inten\u021bia de a denatura adev\u0103rul. Recomandarea principal\u0103 este aceea de a se difuza doar informa\u021bii preluate din surse oficiale \u0219i de \u00eencredere, respect\u00e2ndu-se cu stricte\u021be regulile deontologice.<\/p><p>Aceste instruc\u021biuni nu reprezint\u0103 dec\u00e2t reiterarea unor obliga\u021bii din pre-existente<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>. Nerespectarea acestor reguli poate atrage r\u0103spunderea administrativ\u0103 conform Legii Audiovizualului nr. 504\/2002: \u00een cazul \u00een care neregulile nu sunt remediate \u00een urma notific\u0103rii transmise de CNA, furnizorii \u0219i distribuitorii de servicii media risc\u0103 amenzi cuprinse \u00eentre 5.000 \u0219i 100.000 de RON.<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #b23400;\"><strong>3. Concluzie<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Situa\u021biile excep\u021bionale cer m\u0103suri excep\u021bionale. <\/strong>Concluzion\u00e2nd, este responsabilitatea statului de a asigura un just echilibru \u00eentre controlul r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirii \u0219tirilor false \u0219i respectarea drepturilor fundamentale ale omului (\u00eentre care \u0219i libertatea de exprimare); cu toate acestea, putem fi cu to\u021bii de acord c\u0103 o stare de urgen\u021b\u0103 poate determina \u0219i necesitatea instituirea unor m\u0103suri mai stricte de preven\u021bie. \u00cen aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, Organiza\u021bia Na\u021biunilor Unite \u0219i <em>Human Rights Watch<\/em> au recomandat tuturor statelor s\u0103 nu foloseasc\u0103 starea de urgen\u021b\u0103 drept pretext pentru a impune m\u0103suri care aduc atingere drepturilor omului, f\u0103r\u0103 o justificare prealabil\u0103 \u0219i o explica\u021bie oferit\u0103 publicului.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Studiul <em>Science Magazine <\/em>(2018), disponibil <a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/359\/6380\/1146\">aici<\/a>.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dic\u021bionarul <em>Cambridge<\/em>.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>Phenomenon of Fake News<\/em>, Paulina Pas\u0142awska, Anna Popielska-Borys, disponibil <a href=\"https:\/\/webcache.googleusercontent.com\/search?q=cache:9jfEIuo-KB8J:https:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/sc\/4\/s1\/article-p136.xml+&amp;cd=1&amp;hl=ro&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=ro\">aici<\/a>.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Decizia Cur\u021bii Constitu\u021bionale nr. 273 din 20 decembrie 2000.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A se vedea Decizia Consiliului Na\u021bional al Audiovizualului nr. 220 din 24 februarie 2011, \u00een special art. 65.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><em>*Aceast\u0103 ePublica\u021bie este furnizat\u0103 de Radu T\u0103r\u0103cil\u0103 P\u0103durari Retevoescu SCA \u00een scop exclusiv de informare \u0219i nu reprezint\u0103 asisten\u021b\u0103 juridic\u0103 sau o ofert\u0103 pentru acordarea de asisten\u021b\u0103 juridic\u0103. Distribuirea acestui document nu d\u0103 na\u0219tere unei rela\u021bii avocat-client. \u00cen cazul \u00een care dori\u021bi s\u0103 solicita\u021bi asisten\u021b\u0103 juridic\u0103 cu privire la oricare dintre aspectele analizate \u00een acest document, v\u0103 rug\u0103m s\u0103 v\u0103 adresa\u021bi persoanei obi\u0219nuite de contact \u00een cadrul Radu T\u0103r\u0103cil\u0103 P\u0103durari Retevoescu SCA la +40 31 405 7777.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un studiu recent ne arat\u0103 c\u0103 \u0219tirile false se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndesc de zece ori mai repede dec\u00e2t cele adev\u0103rate. \u00cen timp ce informa\u021biile circul\u0103 online la viteze ame\u021bitoare,\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2220,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[76],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rtpr-emergency-journal"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2459","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2459"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2459\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3875,"href":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2459\/revisions\/3875"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2220"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2459"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2459"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rtpr.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2459"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}